![]() ![]() Since the level of Bacteroides in gut microbiota is negatively associated with systolic and diastolic BP, habitual coffee consumption may lower BP via increasing the level of Bacteroides in gut microbiota. Two groups of coffee-derived (poly)phenols, methoxyphenols and alkylphenols, as well as caffeine, were positively associated with gut microbiota Bacteroides levels. ![]() Coffee consumption has been shown to be associated with an increase in the level of Bacteroides. assessed the impact of habitual coffee consumption (up to 45 ml/day and 45–500 ml/day) on the composition of the gut microbiota in a population of 147 healthy normotensive persons. Habitual coffee consumption may also affect BP by altering the composition of the gut microbiota. ![]() Other compounds found in coffee, such as chlorogenic acid, trigonelline, melanoidins, and ferulic acid, have antihypertensive effects mediated by reducing angiotensin converting enzyme activity, protecting the vessels against oxidative stress, and increasing the bioavailability of nitric oxide. This tolerance explains the lack of a pressor effect of caffeine in people who habitually consume coffee. Regular consumption of 2–3 cups of coffee per day leads to the development of tolerance to caffeine. Caffeine can both increase and decrease BP by antagonizing the adenosine receptors A 1R, A 2AR, and A 2BR, thus altering total peripheral resistance, diuresis, and heart rate. The biologically active compounds of coffee have many mechanisms of action. A 1R-adenosine A 1 receptor A 2AR-adenosine A 2A receptor A 2BR-adenosine A 2B receptor GFR-glomerular filtration rate PDE-phosphodiesterase ACE-angiotensin-converting enzyme TPR-total peripheral resistance SOD-superoxide dismutase CAT-catalase BP-blood pressure NO-nitric oxide NAD(P)H-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase Given the very high prevalence of arterial hypertension (31.1% of adults worldwide) and the significant influence of diet on its pathogenesis, this article reviews the impact of coffee consumption on the risk of its occurrence.Įffects of major compounds derived from coffee on BP. In contrast, the effects of coffee consumption on blood pressure (BP) and the risk of arterial hypertension are controversial. ![]() There are reviews of the literature that summarize the knowledge about the impact of coffee consumption on global health. Recent research findings indicate that regular consumption of 2–3 cups of coffee a day reduces the risk of nonfatal and fatal CV diseases, type 2 diabetes, endometrial cancer, and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer in the US population. Results of numerous studies indicate beneficial effects of regular moderate coffee consumption on the nervous, cardiovascular (CV), and digestive systems, as well as on kidney function. In the USA and Poland, coffee consumption is 4.4 kg and over 3 kg per capita/year, respectively. The available data indicate that the inhabitants of Finland consume the most coffee-on average over 10 kg per capita/year. According to the National Coffee Association USA, about 2.25 billion cups are drunk worldwide every day, totaling about 500 billion cups/year. Coffee is the most consumed drink for humans next to water. ![]()
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